Al-Ahqaq Research Journal, Index HEC Pakistan Y Category from 1st October 2024 to 31st March 2026. AL-AHQAQ (الاحقاق) is a peer-reviewed quarterly (4/Year) interdisciplinary journal dedicated to the dissemination of high-quality research at the intersection of research quality improvement and quantitative analysis. The journal serves as a platform for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to share innovative approaches, evidence-based practices, and cutting-edge methodologies that contribute to the advancement of arts, humanities, and social quality and quantitative analysis in different fields.
صحیحین میں اصولِ طبِ نبوی ﷺ :جدید سائنس کی نظر میں
This research article investigates the principles of Tibb al-Nabawi (Prophetic Medicine) as recorded in Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī and Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, analyzing them in the context of modern biomedical science. The study adopts a qualitative and analytical approach, correlating classical Islamic narrations with contemporary scientific literature. Key elements such as honey, black seed (Nigella sativa), dates, cupping therapy (ḥijāmah), quarantine, and dietary moderation are examined. The findings reveal a significant convergence between Prophetic medical guidance and modern preventive, nutritional, and integrative medicine. However, the study also emphasizes the necessity of contextual interpretation and integration with evidence-based clinical practices. The research concludes that Tibb al-Nabawi provides a holistic health paradigm encompassing physical, psychological, and spiritual well-being.
Tibb al-Nabawi, Prophetic Medicine, Sahih Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Preventive Medicine, Hijama, Nigella Sativa, Holistic Health, Islamic Medical Ethics
جدید معاشی مسائل کے حوالے سے مفتی محمد تقی عثمانی کی تنقیدی آراء : ایک مطالعہ
The present study explores Muhammad Taqi Usmani’s economic thought with particular attention to its relevance for current economic challenges. In a period marked by recurring instability in global economic systems, the research reviews his critical assessment of both capitalist and socialist models while highlighting the Islamic framework he presents as an alternative. Through analytical and juristic examination, the study discusses his position on issues such as collective ownership, surplus value, state intervention in markets, and the structural weaknesses observed within capitalist economies. It also evaluates his scholarly opinions on modern financial practices, including paper currency, installment transactions, corporate shareholding, speculative trading, gambling, lotteries, and prize bonds. The paper further considers contemporary labor concerns, such as wage determination, monopolistic practices, agricultural tenancy, and workers’ participation from an Islamic legal perspective. In addition, it examines the concept of an Islamic welfare state with emphasis on public wealth, welfare spending, and the pursuit of socioeconomic justice.
Mufti Taqi Usmani, contemporary economic issues, Capitalism, Islamic welfare state, Public wealth management, labor and wage system,
صیاغۃ أدوات النفي والاستفھام فی سورۃ الکھف
The research deals with a topic “The Use of Nagative and Interrogative Tools in Surah Al-Kahaf”. The first two chapters in the cave deal with the nature of the research required to resolve the exodus, and the second part deals with the question at hand in the cave. The status of the cave among experts in the sciences of the Quran and interpretation, its sanctity, and the reward for reading or preserving it, has attracted researchers to study various aspects of She so that they can study only to establish this research, as well as studies that will carry away the researchers of the pen and reveal some of the things in science that have been revealed by this research in various fields. The Holy Quran is the center of attention of scholars, the center of their research in every place and time. It is certain that its immortality in all sciences and arts, in dealing with the subtleties, any word or letter or movement that is in accordance with its place and agrees with the intention of both the senses, whether interpreted and expressed or realized, is the true share of the efforts of grammarians and those whose efforts are due, that is, the Quran deserves gratitude and praise. The message of the study of the Arabic sentence in the context of exile and the different types of styles have come to the cave and the research of the Surah on the extraction of linguistic data from the reality of the Surah is compared to the grammatical perspective, and this requires access to books in the depth of the Surah's linguistic heritage, in order to discuss its content in the light of the Surah's linguistic heritage. Grammar and discuss these ideas. The study states that the patterns of each device, as present in the surah, and the role of grammatical and semantic functions.
Quran, grammatical and semantic functions, linguistic , heritage
Prof.Dr.Matloob Ahmad (Corresponding Author)
برہان امکان و وجوب کے طریقہ سے اللہ کی صفات سلبی و ثبوتی کا اثبات
Several proofs have been presented to establish the existence of God (Khuda-wand-e-Muta'al). Among them is the celebrated Proof of Possibility and Necessity (Burhan-e-Imkan-o-Wujub). Farabi presented it first as the strongest proof of God's existence. It is used to prove the existence of God not only through existence itself, but also with the help of God's attributes, which he proved as Wajib-ul-Wujud (Necessary Being) after proving the existence of the Necessary Being. We consider all these attributes, the Affirmative (Sifat-e-Salbiyyah) and Negative (Sifat-e-Subutiyyah) attributes, to be indispensable for the Necessary Being (Wajib-ul-Wujud). Khawaja Nasir al-Din Tusi, in his work "Kashf al-Murad," has also discussed these attributes as the cause of the Necessary Being's existence.
Proof of Possibility and Necessity (Burhan-e-Imkan-o-Wujub), Affirmative Attributes (Sifat-e-Subutiyyah). Negative Attributes (Sifat-e-Salbiyyah), Necessary Being (Wajib-ul-Wujud)
مکتوباتی ادب میں نذیر احمد دہلوی کی انفرادیت
Deputy Nazir Ahmad was an Urdu novel writer, social and religious reformer and orator. He is the first Urdu novelist visionary who created a respectable storehouse of literature for women. Nazir Ahmad wrote many letters to his son. The uniqueness of Nazir Ahmad letters is that he made them a source of advice and guidance. Through his letters he has exhorted the good principles of ethics, religion and education. In his letters, the warmth of his thoughts and ideas, emotions and feelings can also be felt. His aim was to educate and train his son and reforms and guide him. They are aimed at son`s education and most of the letters are related to curricular issues and character building and some of his hobbies, engagements of local politics and complex issues of family life. In some letters the important issues of national life have been discussed and in a few letters all the merits and demerits of the English language and English civilization have been mentioned. In this article we discuss all the aspects and stylistic of prose of Nazir Ahmad`s letters.
Nazir Ahmad`s letters, Deputy Nazir Ahmad, Urdu novel writer, character building, local politics
سیرتِ طیبہ میں عورت کے حقوق و فرائض، بحیثیتِ زوجہ
Before the advent of Islam, women had no social, moral, or legal status in most civilizations. The divine light of Islam illuminated every aspect of human life and granted women a position of dignity, honor, and respect particularly in their role as wives. The Holy Qur’an highlights the rights and status of women as wives in numerous verses. Allah Almighty presented the wife of Pharaoh, Hazrat Asiyah (A.S.), as a model of faith and perseverance, who preferred eternal bliss in Paradise over the temporary luxury of worldly power. Similarly, Hazrat Maryam (A.S.) was exalted as a symbol of submission and perfect faith, serving as a role model for all believing women. A study of world religions reveals that in ancient Greek civilization, women were considered inferior beings, and even in later Greek society, they lacked true value and status. Other religions also failed to grant women the dignity and equality that Islam bestowed upon them. Islam stands alone as the religion that elevated women, especially as wives, to a position of love, justice, and respect unparalleled in any other system or faith.
Wife, Rights, Duties, Seerat-e-Tayyibah, Holy Qur’an, Family Ethics
تمثیل کے لسانی و بلاغتی اصول اور قرآنی اطلاقات: ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ
The study presents an analytical discussion of both linguistic and rhetorical underpinnings of Tamtheel (parables or allegories) and its strategic use in the Quranic and Prophetic texts. Not aesthetic decorations, these parables are a strategic instrument to fill the gap between abstract metaphysical truths on the one hand and concrete human perception on the other hand. The paper begins with an etymological analysis of Arabic root M-Th-L (م-ث-ل), which means equality, resemblance, and moral lessons. A vital rhetorical contrast is set up between simple similes (Tashbih) and Tamtheel, which are given dynamic and holistic situations to cause psychological and philosophical changes in the reader. The paper also further classifies these parables into psychological, ideological and natural. It discusses the theatre of reality that is made by the use of parables of the fire-lighter and the rain-storm, to reveal the inner instability of hypocrites. It further examines how animal kingdom (the greed of the dog, the weight of the book-laden donkey, and the physical and social weaknesses of the spider web) can be applied in pedagogy to discuss the results of intellectual stagnation and polytheistic addictions. The study also underscores Prophetic parables, including the last brick in the palace and the single body, in describing how prophethood comes to an end and why society should be united. Finally, the paper ends by concluding that Quranic allegorical style is an all-purpose tool that can be applied to solve contemporary problems like the Google Era information overload where knowledge is sometimes available but lacking wisdom.
Tamtheel (Quranic Parables), Rhetorical Efficacy, Linguistic Analysis, Psychological Mapping, Social Cohesion
تمثیل کے ذریعے دعوتِ دین: تابعینِ کرام کے اسالیب اور ان کی جدید دور میں افادیت
This study explores the role of parabolic expression (tamthīl) in the propagation of Islam, focusing on the methods employed by the Tābiʿīn (the successors of the Companions of the Prophet ﷺ). It highlights how the Tābiʿīn effectively utilized parables, analogies, and illustrative narratives to communicate complex religious concepts in a simple, engaging, and impactful manner. The research examines the intellectual and pedagogical dimensions of their approach, demonstrating how these methods facilitated better understanding, retention, and practical application of Islamic teachings among diverse audiences. Furthermore, the study analyzes the contemporary relevance of these parabolic methods in modern da‘wah contexts, where communication challenges demand clarity, relatability, and emotional connection. By drawing parallels between classical practices and present-day needs, the paper argues that the revival of such illustrative techniques can significantly enhance the effectiveness of Islamic preaching in the current era. The study adopts an analytical and descriptive methodology, supported by examples from early Islamic history and scholarly interpretations.
Parables, Tamthīl, Da‘wah, Tābiʿīn, Islamic Preaching, Communication Methods, Analogical Teaching, Contemporary Relevance
سننِ ترمذی میں والدین و اولاد کے باہمی تعلقات: ایک تحقیقی جائزہ
This study explores the nature of parent-child relationships as presented in Sunan al-Tirmidhi, one of the major collections of Hadith in Islamic tradition. The research examines the ethical, social, and spiritual dimensions of mutual rights and responsibilities between parents and children. It highlights key teachings related to obedience, respect, compassion, upbringing, and moral development within the family structure. By analyzing relevant narrations, the study aims to demonstrate how Prophetic guidance provides a comprehensive framework for strengthening family bonds and promoting social harmony. Furthermore, the research discusses the practical implications of these teachings in contemporary society, emphasizing their relevance in addressing modern familial challenges. The study adopts an analytical and descriptive methodology to derive principles that contribute to the development of a balanced and ethically grounded family system.
Sunan al-Tirmidhi, Parent-Child Relations, Islamic Teachings, Family Ethics, Hadith Studies, Moral Upbringing, Social Harmony, Rights and Responsibilities
خلفائے راشدین کی بین الاقوامی حکمتِ عملی اور اس کے عالمی اثرات: ایک تحقیقی مطالعہ
This study examines the international strategies adopted by the Rightly Guided Caliphs (Khulafa al-Rashidin) and evaluates their global impacts in both historical and contemporary contexts. It explores the foundational principles that governed their foreign policy, including justice, peaceful coexistence, diplomatic engagement, treaty-making, and ethical conduct in warfare. The research highlights how these strategies contributed to the expansion and consolidation of the early Islamic state while maintaining a balance between political authority and moral responsibility. By employing a qualitative and analytical approach, the study further investigates the relevance and applicability of these strategies in modern international relations. It argues that the Rashidun model offers valuable insights for contemporary global politics, particularly in promoting justice, conflict resolution, interfaith harmony, and sustainable diplomatic relations. The findings suggest that the legacy of the Rightly Guided Caliphs continues to provide a significant framework for ethical and principled international engagement in the modern world.
Khulafa al-Rashidin, International Relations, Foreign Policy, Islamic Political Thought, Diplomacy, Peaceful Coexistence, Justice, Treaty-Making, Conflict Resolution, Global Impact
خواتین کے سماجی احتساب کا نبوی فریم ورک ﷺ
Islam has bestowed a complete code of conduct for human beings by enlightening them on the paths of goodness and evil. Islam protects the rights and responsibilities of all sections of society, including women, it has established the system of accountability for women as well. The Prophet (PBUH) in his era insisted to educate the women about Islamic rituals, worship, and ethics in order to eradicate social conflict. Women were given a special place as a mother, wife, daughter, sister and by virtue of good behaviour, they were elevated to a higher level in society. The need of accountability among women and men is more important in a contemporary society which is far away from the teaching of Islam and there are misconceptions about Islamic concepts. This article aims to explore the fundamental concepts about the accountability of women in social matters in the light of the Hadith. This research has collected all the evidences of the Prophet (PBUH) on accountability of women in different sphere of life, including marital affairs, divorce, 'iddah, spending the wealth, wasting the husband's wealth unnecessarily. This article emphasis that the role of women is very important in education and training of the children, observance of moral values so, Islam held mother accountable in this regard. Islam tries to strengthen the bond between family and protect families through different measures. In order to establish the society free from social evils Islam has introduced system of accountability and punishments for all prescribed by Islamic law
Accountability, Traditions, Faith, Women, Islam
جیون خان کی آپ بیتی "جیون دھارا"میں دیہی زندگی کی پیش کش
Jeevan Khan was a senior bureaucrat who belonged to a village in District Jhang. His parents were simple rural folk, and he was raised in a traditional village environment. In his autobiography Jeevan Dhara, he provides a detailed account of his childhood spent in his native village. He vividly describes the hardships he faced in acquiring education, from primary schooling to higher studies. The narrative also highlights his father’s hard labor in the fields and portrays scenes of village social life, where people gathered at his grandfather’s Farm, sitting together, smoking hookah, and drinking lassi.His mother, like most rural women, played a crucial role in managing household responsibilities as well as participating in rural chores. Through these personal recollections, the author presents a comprehensive and lively portrayal of village life.Village life in his area was deeply connected with nature, characterized by open fields, simple mud houses, and unpaved streets. The villagers lived in close-knit communities, sharing each other’s joys and sorrows and extending mutual support in times of need. Traditional customs, folk tales, and local festivals added richness and color to their otherwise simple yet contented lives.
Jhang,Village, Autobiography,Customs,Festivals.
عزیز احمد کے ناول’’ ایسی بلندی ایسی پستی ‘‘ میں طبقاتی کشمکش کی عکاسی
The writer is often referred to as the "eyes of society," observing the dynamics within a community and creatively translating them onto the page. Through literary expression, writers explore diverse themes and issues. Fictional literature, particularly, captures various social themes and reflects different aspects of life. Among these, the novel often addresses the conflicts and struggles between societal classes. One prominent figure in Urdu literature, Aziz Ahmad, vividly portrays of the depiction of class conflict in his works. His acclaimed novel Aisi Bulandi, Aisi Pasti explores the decline of the upper class of HaiderAbad Daccan following the partition of the Indian subcontinent. The novel also delves into the representation of different social classes. This research paper focuses on the theme of the depiction of class conflict in Aisi Bulandi, Aisi Pasti. The study aims to analyze how the novel reflects class conflict, which social classes are represented, and the author's perspective on these classes. Employing Qualitative research methodologies, the study concludes that Aziz Ahmad skillfully portrays the various social strata of his time. By highlighting the relationships and conflicts among these classes, he effectively examines the societal dynamics of his era. The paper further evaluates the characters' attitudes and traits across social classes, illuminating the strengths and weaknesses of the period. It critically assesses how successfully the author brings out the underlying conflicts between these classes.
Aziz Ahmad, class struggle, Aisi Bulandi, Aisi Pasti, Partition of India, representation of social classes.
قوامیت کا تصور اور اس کے عملی مصداقات: اسلامی تفسیری ادب کی روشنی میں ایک تحقیقی مطالعہ
This article explores the multi-faceted concept of Qawwamiyah (Guardianship and Authority) as interpreted by Classical and Traditional Muslim Exegetes. By synthesizing the views of authorities such as Imams Mujahid, Tabari, Maturidi, Razi, and others, the study elucidates that Qawwamiyah is primarily an administrative and protective responsibility rather than a tool of domination. The analysis begins with the Occasion of Revelation (Shan-e-Nuzul), highlighting a pivotal shift where divine revelation replaced a decree of Qisas (Retaliation) for a domestic dispute with the principle of male guardianship, thereby establishing a unique legal framework for household discipline. The exegetes categorize the foundations of this authority into two realms: Innate/Divine (Wahbi), involving physical and decisiveness traits suited for leadership; and Acquired/Financial (Kasbi), rooted in the husband’s obligation to provide dower and maintenance. The article further examines the socio-legal manifestations of this concept, ranging from political metaphors of leadership to psychological distinctions in temperament. While some scholars focus on the disciplinary authority granted to men, others, like Imam Qushayri and Ibn Ajiba, emphasize the moral and spiritual dimensions, viewing Qawwamiyah as a duty of care, service, and self-discipline. The study concludes that the essence of Qawwamiyah lies in maintaining a balanced familial order where authority is inextricably linked to financial and protective accountability, ensuring the stability of the family unit.
Qawwamiyah, Financial Maintenance, Nafaqah, Administrative Leadership, Wilayah, Domestic Discipline, Tadib, Classical Exegesis, Infaq, Islamic Jurisprudence, Gender Roles, Marital Rights, Qisas.
INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF CROWDED CLASSROOM ON STUDENTS' LEARNING AT SECONDARY LEVEL IN QASIMABAD HYDERABAD
This paper aims to investigate the impact of crowded classrooms on students learning at secondary school level. The study was descriptive in nature. Five-point Likert Scale close ended questionnaire was developed for the collection of data. The simple random sampling method was used in the study for selecting the sample. The questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data from the 96 secondary school students of 9th and 10th grades comprising of both boys and girl students. The data was analyzed through SPSS version 29. This study points towards the obstructive impact of large classroom size on the students overall learning. Moreover, according to the findings the larger classes are not beneficial for the students’ academics. Thus, suggests that the school management may arrange students in classes of 25-30 students per class. The concerned authorities are hence suggested to make proper arrangements for the classrooms as per need of the school attendance to create positive academic impact.
Crowded Classrooms, Secondary Education, Learning
ہجرتِ نبوی ﷺ اور مدینہ میں استقبالِ رسول ﷺ: مسندِ ابوداؤد طیالسی کی روایات کا تحقیقی و اسنادی مطالعہ
The Hijrah of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ represents a foundational turning point in Islamic history, marking the establishment of the first Islamic society in Madinah and the beginning of a new socio-religious framework. This study examines the narrations related to the Prophet’s migration and reception in Madinah through a critical isnād-based analysis of Musnad Abū Dāwūd al-Ṭayālisī. The research focuses on evaluating the authenticity, reliability, and scholarly significance of selected reports concerning the arrival of the Prophet ﷺ, the emotional response of the people of Madinah, and the role of early companions in facilitating the prophetic migration. Methodologically, the study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach within the framework of classical ḥadīth criticism. The chains of transmission are examined by analysing the biographical evaluations of narrators using major works of jarḥ wa taʿdīl. Special attention is given to narrators such as al-Aʿmash, Qatādah, and other transmitters appearing in the selected reports, including the issue of tadlīs and the conditions of transmission. The study finds that most of the examined narrations are supported by reliable transmitters, and when corroborated through mutābiʿāt and shawāhid, they reach the level of authenticity acceptable to ḥadīth scholars.The findings highlight that these narrations not only preserve historical details of the Hijrah but also reflect the spiritual enthusiasm, communal solidarity, and social transformation associated with the arrival of the Prophet ﷺ in Madinah. The study contributes to the field of ḥadīth studies by presenting a structured isnād-based evaluation of historical prophetic traditions.
Prophetic Hijrah, Madinah reception, Musnad Abu Dawood al-Tayalisi, Isnād analysis, Ḥadīth authenticity, Early Islamic history.
کتاب "احقاقِ حق " کا تعارفی و منہجی مطالعہ
The book Ihqāq-e-Ḥaqq by the eminent South Asian scholar Molana Naeem ud-Din Muradabadi represents a significant contribution to the literature of comparative religion and Islamic apologetics in the subcontinent. This article presents an introductory and methodological study of Ihqāq-e-Ḥaqq, aiming to explore its intellectual background, thematic structure, and argumentative strategies. The study examines how the author responds to religious and philosophical objections against Islamic beliefs and practices—such as monotheism, prophethood, revelation, social laws, and ritual obligations—within the broader context of Hindu-Muslim theological encounters of colonial India. Methodologically, the article analyzes Muradabadi’s approach through textual and analytical methods, focusing on his use of Qurʾānic exegesis, rational argumentation, interfaith polemics, and classical theological sources. It highlights his balanced integration of traditional scholarship and reasoned discourse, as well as his emphasis on contextual interpretation and doctrinal clarity. The study further evaluates the work’s structure, sources, and style, identifying its distinctive features: systematic refutation of objections, comparative engagement with rival doctrines (especially transmigration and polytheism), and defense of Islamic teachings on justice, mercy, and social harmony. The findings show that Ihqāq al-Ḥaqq occupies an important place in South Asian Muslim intellectual history as a representative example of modern yet tradition-rooted apologetic writing. It reflects the scholarly legacy of Ahl-e-Sunnat thought in addressing interreligious debates while preserving classical theological methodology. The article concludes that Muradabadi’s work remains relevant for contemporary discussions on interfaith dialogue, religious pluralism, and the rational defense of Islamic doctrine.
Ihqāq-e-Ḥaqq, Naeem-ud-Din Muradabadi; Islamic apologetics, comparative religion, South Asian Islam.
سیرۃ المزمل کا تحقیقی منہج اور اسلوبیاتی تنوع: ایک تنقیدی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ
This study examines the research methodology and stylistic features of Sīrat al-Muzammil, a monumental twenty-volume encyclopedic work in Urdu Sīrah literature. Recognized as one of the most comprehensive biographies of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in the Urdu language, the work represents an extraordinary scholarly endeavor distinguished by breadth, depth, and methodological diversity. The research highlights the book’s multi-dimensional approach, encompassing ḥadīth-based, juristic (fiqh al-sīrah), theological, spiritual, political-administrative, psychological, scientific, military, and daʿwah-oriented styles. It demonstrates how the author integrates Qur’anic verses, Prophetic traditions, classical historical sources, and extensive Arabic poetry to substantiate arguments and reinforce authenticity.Particular attention is given to its mḥaddithānah methodology, reliance on primary sources, and analytical (dirāyati) engagement with historical events, offering interpretation alongside narration. The study also explores the work’s structured referencing system, comprehensive documentation, and balanced organization across volumes. The inclusion of thousands of citations, over one thousand Prophetic statements in a single volume, and hundreds of Arabic poetic verses reflects a rigorous evidentiary framework.Furthermore, the book’s accessible language, dialogical tone, and moral-reform orientation make it relevant for both scholars and general readers. By combining traditional scholarship with contemporary intellectual concerns, Sīrat al-Muzammil emerges not merely as a biographical account but as a methodological model for modern Sīrah writing. The study concludes that the work stands as a landmark contribution to Urdu Islamic scholarship, reinforcing the integration of authenticity, rational analysis, and societal reform within prophetic biography.
Sīrat al-Muzammil; Urdu Sīrah literature; research methodology; fiqh al-sīrah; hadith-based analysis; Islamic historiography
عقائد سے متعلق امثال الحدیث کی عصری معنویت کتاب الامثال للاصبہانی کے تناظر میں
The study of parables in Hadith related to Islamic beliefs holds significant relevance in contemporary times, particularly for fostering understanding and strengthening faith. As complex theological concepts often remain abstract and difficult to grasp, the Prophet (PBUH) employed simple, relatable examples and proverbs to communicate these ideas effectively to people of all ages and backgrounds. Such parables not only clarified matters of Tawhid, prophethood, and the hereafter but also helped embed ethical and spiritual lessons in the hearts of the audience. Drawing on the insights from Al-Amthal fi al-Hadith by Abu al-Shaykh al-Asbahani, this study highlights how these prophetic examples serve as a pedagogical tool that bridges the gap between abstract beliefs and practical comprehension. By examining their structure, clarity, and application, the research demonstrates that parables in Hadith remain a vital resource for religious education, moral reform, and intellectual engagement, offering timeless guidance for understanding and practicing Islamic beliefs in the modern world.
Islamic beliefs, Tawhid, Al-Amthal fi al-Hadith, Abu al-Shaykh al-Asbahani, modern world.
تبصرہ کتاب"دنیا کے بڑے مذاہب از "عماد الحسن آزاد فاروقی"
This article presents a structured review of a book titled “Dunya ke Baray Mazahib” (The Major Religions of the World), which offers a comprehensive introduction to eight major religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Sikhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The study highlights the author’s stated objective of addressing the lack of balanced, research-based, and objective works on comparative religion in the Urdu language. Emphasis is placed on the book’s methodological approach, which seeks to present each religion sympathetically yet analytically, relying on historical development, doctrinal foundations, and primary textual references. The article examines how each chapter outlines the historical background, core beliefs, sacred texts, internal developments, and sectarian formations within the respective traditions. It also notes the inclusion of appendices containing selected excerpts from sacred scriptures, enabling readers to engage directly with foundational sources. Through a descriptive and analytical overview, this paper evaluates the book’s contribution to the academic study of religions and its relevance for students of comparative religion. The findings suggest that the work serves as a useful introductory resource that promotes informed understanding and intellectual engagement across religious traditions.
comparative studies, major world religions, religious history, religious traditions, inter faith understanding.
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF MICHAEL A. COOK'S THOUGHTS REGARDING SEERAH OF PROPHET (PBUH)
This study seeks to examine and critically analyze the views of Michael A. Cook concerning the Seerah (biography) of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). The research explores his interpretations of early Islamic history, the initial challenges faced by the Prophet, and the Prophet’s role as both a religious and political leader. Additionally, the study offers a critical assessment of Cook’s arguments related to the compilation of the Quran, the biography of the Prophet, and the historical, political, economic, and social aspects of Islam. This approach is employed to understand the underlying reasons, viewpoints, and motivations behind Cook’s interpretations. A comparative and critical analysis of Cook’s views on the Seerah of the Prophet is conducted in light of the Holy Quran and the portrayals presented by other writers. The primary objective of this comparative, analytical, and critical study is to engage in logical and scholarly evaluation rather than to disprove any individual, initiate interreligious controversy, or assert the superiority of any particular source. Rather, the purpose is to seek guidance from this sacred subject matter.
Michael A. Cook, Seerah (biography) of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), early Islamic history
تفسیر بغوی کی روشنی میں رسول اللہ ﷺکی آمد سے متعلق مباحث سیرت کاتحقیقی مطالعہ
This article presents a critical and analytical study of the prophetic glad tidings (bashārāt) concerning the advent of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) as interpreted in Tafsīr al-Baghawī (Maʿālim al-Tanzīl). While the Qur’an explicitly refers to earlier scriptural predictions about the final Messenger, classical exegetes differed in their methodological engagement with these verses. This study examines how Imam al-Baghawī (d. 516 AH) approaches the relevant Qur’anic passages particularly those addressing the recognition of the Prophet by Ahl al-Kitāb and evaluates his reliance on transmitted reports, linguistic analysis, and theological restraint. Through qualitative textual analysis and comparative reference to major Sunni exegetical authorities, the research demonstrates that al-Baghawī adopts a balanced methodology rooted primarily in riwāyah (transmitted tradition) while cautiously incorporating dirāyah (reasoned interpretation). His treatment of inter-scriptural references to the Torah and the Gospel reflects both textual fidelity and doctrinal clarity, particularly in relation to the doctrine of the finality of Prophethood (Khatm al-Nubuwwah). The study argues that Tafsīr al-Baghawī provides a coherent and methodologically disciplined affirmation of Prophetic predictions within earlier revelations, thereby contributing significantly to classical Sunni exegetical thought and the theological understanding of Muslim-Ahl al-Kitāb relations.
Basharat e Nabawi, Tafsir Baghawi, Seerah Studies, Prophecies, Ahl al Kitab, Qur’anic Exegesis
تحریک ختم نبوت 1974 کے مذہبی ،سیاسی ، معاشی و معاشرتی اثرات کا جائزہ
The 1974 Khatm-e-Nubuwwat Movement in Pakistan represents a crucial juncture in the nation’s religious and political evolution. Initially a religious movement defending the Islamic belief in the finality of Prophethood, it soon expanded into a socio-political force that shaped Pakistan’s constitutional, economic, and cultural identity. This research explores the movement’s multidimensional impacts—religious, political, economic, and social—through historical and analytical perspectives. The declaration of Ahmadis as non-Muslims through the Second Constitutional Amendment in 1974 redefined the boundaries of state and religion, institutionalized clerical influence, and created enduring socio-political transformations. Economically, the movement affected business relations, migration patterns, and class structures within Pakistani society. Socially, it fostered unity among mainstream Muslims but also deepened sectarian polarization. The movement’s legacy persists in shaping Pakistan’s religious discourse, governance, and national consciousness.
Khatm-e-Nubuwwat Movement, Finality of Prophethood, Religious Identity, Pakistan Politics, Islamic Constitutional Amendment, Socio-Economic Impact, Sectarianism, Faith and State.
Balochi gw(a)á-, Pahlavi -w(a)á- and New Persian -bá-: Preservation and Loss of /g/ in Iranian Historical Phonology
Balochi is the only ancient language of Iran, which has still preserved its phonological, morphological and syntactical structures, while the other modern Iranian languages mostly lost their ancient phonological, morphological and syntactical structures. In this research paper, the preservation of proto-Iranian (PI)sound of Balochi gw(a)á- which is converted -w(a)á- in Pahlaví and -bá- in other Iranian languages. the other ancient languages like Avesta (Av), Old Persian (OP), and Pahlavi Aškání (PahAš) have lost the -/g/- of gw(a)á- and converted it -w(a)á- in Pahlavi and -bá- in New Persian. In this paper, we will thoroughly study the sound gw(a)á- and w(a)á- and Persian bá- to know the reduction of old Iranian /g/ sound, its reduction in Pahlavi (Pah) and New Persian and preservation in the Balochi language.
Balochi, Pahlavi, New Persian, sound reduction, sound change and sound preservation
علامہ عبدالوہاب شعرانی رحمۃ اللہ علیہ :احوال و آثاراور علمی خدمات
Allama Abd al-Wahhab al-Sha'rani represents a unique synthesis of knowledge and practice in Islamic intellectual history. He possessed profound mastery over diverse Islamic sciences and emerged simultaneously as an eminent Sufi and a jurist deeply grounded in the principles of Shariah. His khanqah functioned as a center for spiritual refinement, where remembrance of God, contemplation, and Qur'anic recitation nurtured the purification of the soul, while also serving as an academic space for the practical training of scholars in jurisprudence and the methodology of legal reasoning. A defining characteristic of al-Sha'rani's thought was his balanced and moderate approach to Sufism, coupled with a sustained effort to foster harmony and reconciliation among the four Sunni schools of law. His lived practice and extensive scholarly works stand as compelling evidence of his integrative vision, which sought to bridge spirituality and jurisprudence within a unified Islamic framework.
al-Sha'rani, spiritual refinement khanqah, eminent Sufi,
پروفیسر فتح محمد ملک کے فکری اسلوب میں اقبالیاتی پیش کش
Fateh Muhammad Malik is a renowned scholar, orator, journalist, educationist, teacher, and researcher. In his writings, the thought of Allama Iqbal is prominently reflected. Most of his life was spent in teaching, along with research and criticism. He also rendered valuable academic and literary services. He examined the economic dimensions present in Iqbal’s writings and provided a comprehensive explanation of their significance in the contemporary era. He believes that Iqbal studies are not only a source of knowledge for us but also a guide for practical action, and that they have a deep and direct connection with our lives. According to him, the political and economic system of Islam is so closely intertwined with our moral and spiritual concepts that it cannot be separated under any circumstances. There is no concept of hereditary monarchy in Islam. The survival of Muslims lies in the elimination of clericalism and monarchy. He describes the Muslim Ummah as a tulip flower and wishes to see the true spirit of Islam within it. Even today, Muslims are unable to distinguish between Abu Lahab and the system of Mustafa (PBUH), due to which the patronage of clericalism, authoritarianism, and monarchy continues. In all his writings, Fateh Muhammad Malik has attempted to highlight the political, social, and economic aspects of Iqbal’s commitment to Islam, so that in the present age a true Nizam-e-Mustafa may be established—one in which the Muslim Ummah can not only live according to Islamic principles but also acquaint future generations with Islamic values. Fateh Muhammad Malik has rejected monarchy, clericalism, and the shrine-centered (khanqahi) system, and has instead emphasized the true contours of Islam. He aspires for an ideal region whose dream was envisioned by Allama Iqbal and realized by Quaid-e-Azam in collaboration with the Muslim Ummah. Through his pen, Fateh Muhammad Malik harmonized Iqbal’s thought with the demands of the modern age. He wants Iqbal not only to be read, but also to be understood in terms of the hidden meanings within his thought, and for following him to be considered essential—so that the survival of the Muslim Ummah in Pakistan may be ensure.
Research article, Critical skill ,Iqbalian thought ,Economic system, democratic system, clericalism and monarchy , feudal system, love for the Prophet ( S.A.W )
مائٹو کونڈریل بیماریوں سے بچاؤکے لئے اسلامی احتياطی تدابیر
Due to mitochondrial diseases, a newborn child may suffer from incurable illnesses. The primary purpose of these preventive measures is to protect the newborn from such incurable diseases. These measures become necessary when the mother is affected by mitochondrial disorders, because these diseases are inherited from the mother. Mitochondrial disease is a group of genetic disorders that arise due to dysfunction of the mitochondria. Mitochondria are organelles that produce energy for the cell and are present in every cell of the human body (except red blood cells). Islam is a religion of nature. If examined closely, it is not only a source of spirituality but also a complete and ideal code of life for our material well-being and physical health. By following it, we can achieve success and progress not only in moral, spiritual, political, and economic life, but also benefit from health and physical vitality. Islam is a religion based on truth and possesses inherent flexibility and breadth. Islam, as a comprehensive way of life, provides detailed guidelines regarding health and well-being, covering aspects such as hygiene, nutrition, disease prevention, and mental health. Many of these principles, revealed 1,447 years ago, are remarkably aligned with modern medical discoveries, demonstrating the timeless relevance of Islamic teachings in the field of health sciences. عن رسول الله صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، أَنَّهُ قَال: " لِكُلِّ دَاءٍ دَوَاءٌ فَإِذَا أُصِيبَ دَوَاءُ الدَّاءِ بَرَأَ بِإِذْنِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ" " "The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: "There is a cure for every disease, and when a medicine is applied correctly to the disease, the patient recovers by the will of Allah Almighty." One important aspect of this study is that Islam emphasizes healthcare through the practice of preventive measures. Islamic teachings encourage methods such as vaccination, isolation of infectious patients (quarantine), and moderation in diet to prevent diseases. These preventive measures not only help in disease prevention (prophylaxis) but also play a significant role in reducing disease severity, aiding recovery, and supporting treatment after the onset of illness.
Mitochondrial Diseases, Maternal Inheritance, Preventive Medicine, Islamic Health Principles, Medical Ethics.
Reimagining the Narrative of Flying Africans: Morrison, Memory, and Myth in Song of Solomon
The given research studies the motif of flying Africans in Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon using the folktale, People Could Fly by Virginia Hamilton as a reference narrative. The study explores Hall’s concept of the positioning of identity along the axes of continuities and discontinuities to trace Milkman Dead’s journey toward self-realization. The research argues that Morrison uses the traditional folktale of flying Americans, initially aimed at children, and revises it by embedding rudiments of cultural identity including memory, fantasy, and myth. Expanding the narrative of flying Africans, a story passed down through generations, Morrison places Milkman’s identity within a larger cultural and historical context. The research further explores how a traditional folktale, originally intended for children, can contribute toward creating a shared history as well as highlighting the ruptures of the past. By reimagining and expanding upon Hamilton’s tale, Morrison addresses its inherent ruptures and discontinuities, challenging the cohesive and singular history it once aimed to construct. The research argues that through the narrative complexity of a children’s tale, Morrison offers a profound commentary on the construction of identity, showcasing how cultural narratives can be both unifying and divisive.
Flying Africans Motif, Cultural Identity Construction, Folklore and Memory, Continuities and Discontinuities, Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon.
تفسیرِ قرآن میں دخیل مواد کا تاریخی و علمی تجزیہ
The present research investigates the phenomenon of Dakhil fi al-Tafsir (interpolated or foreign material in Qur’anic exegesis) through a comprehensive historical and analytical approach. It explores how non-authentic, culturally influenced, or ideologically motivated interpretations entered Qur’anic commentaries over time. The study first defines the concept of interpolation in tafsir and traces its origins from the early Islamic centuries, identifying key historical phases where such materials proliferated. It then examines the major causes of this phenomenon—such as the influence of Isra’iliyyat (biblical traditions), sectarian and political biases, philosophical and mystical reinterpretations, linguistic misreadings, and the inclusion of weak or fabricated hadiths. Drawing upon classical sources like al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an, al-Burhan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an, and Muqaddimah fi Usul al-Tafsir, as well as modern analytical works, this research highlights the critical efforts of scholars to purify Qur’anic exegesis from such distortions. Ultimately, the paper underscores the importance of methodological rigor, authenticity, and balance in contemporary Qur’anic interpretation, ensuring fidelity to the divine message and preservation of the exegetical tradition’s integrity.
Dakhil fi al-Tafsir, Qur’anic Exegesis, Isra’iliyyat, Sectarian Influence, Fabricated Hadith, Tafsir Methodology, Islamic Scholarship.
شریعت اسلامیہ اور انسانی حقوق:اختصاصی مطالعہ
Islam is a universal religion that upholds human rights in the most comprehensive manner. Unlike any other faith, Islam addresses human rights with such emphasis that it condemns exploitation in all its forms and safeguards the rights of individuals to the highest standard. Its concept of human rights is not confined to Muslims alone but applies to all of humanity, acknowledging the inherent dignity and value of every individual, regardless of their religious or cultural background. Islam calls for the establishment of a just and equal society, ensuring that all aspects of human welfare are considered.When the Creator sent humanity to this world, He provided for their needs, guaranteeing their survival and well-being. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), in his Farewell Sermon, proclaimed a universal charter for human rights and global peace, focusing on justice, equality, and respect for all individuals. A distinctive feature of Islam is its balanced approach, rejecting both excess and neglect.For those who do not accept Islamic laws or violate them, specific penalties are outlined, though their application requires a fair and comprehensive process. In this way, Islam champions a society where human rights and justice are respected, fostering harmony and mutual respect among diverse communities.