قوامیت کا تصور اور اس کے عملی مصداقات: اسلامی تفسیری ادب کی روشنی میں ایک تحقیقی مطالعہ

The Concept of Qawwamiyah and its Practical Manifestations: A Research Study in the Light of Islamic Exegetical Literature

Abstract

This article explores the multi-faceted concept of Qawwamiyah (Guardianship and Authority) as interpreted by Classical and Traditional Muslim Exegetes. By synthesizing the views of authorities such as Imams Mujahid, Tabari, Maturidi, Razi, and others, the study elucidates that Qawwamiyah is primarily an administrative and protective responsibility rather than a tool of domination. The analysis begins with the Occasion of Revelation (Shan-e-Nuzul), highlighting a pivotal shift where divine revelation replaced a decree of Qisas (Retaliation) for a domestic dispute with the principle of male guardianship, thereby establishing a unique legal framework for household discipline. The exegetes categorize the foundations of this authority into two realms: Innate/Divine (Wahbi), involving physical and decisiveness traits suited for leadership; and Acquired/Financial (Kasbi), rooted in the husband’s obligation to provide dower and maintenance. The article further examines the socio-legal manifestations of this concept, ranging from political metaphors of leadership to psychological distinctions in temperament. While some scholars focus on the disciplinary authority granted to men, others, like Imam Qushayri and Ibn Ajiba, emphasize the moral and spiritual dimensions, viewing Qawwamiyah as a duty of care, service, and self-discipline. The study concludes that the essence of Qawwamiyah lies in maintaining a balanced familial order where authority is inextricably linked to financial and protective accountability, ensuring the stability of the family unit.