دادائیت اور سریلزم کے تتبع میں اُردو نظم میں حسن کے بدلتے معیارات

Changing Standards of Beauty in Urdu Poetry in the Footsteps of Dadaism and Surrealism

Abstract

From an aesthetic perspective, beauty can be characterized by qualities such as discipline, harmony, moderation, contrast, and glamour. The concept of beauty has changed in the twentieth century. What should be considered beautiful, or what will be the attributes of beauty? Barbara Smith suggests that when a work of art is valued or rejected by critics, their personal background keeps influencing their perception. As a result, they judge the artwork as either good or bad, or as unattractive. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the West was considered civilized and educated, but the killing of millions of people in World War 1 proved that the West had not yet developed morally. Hence, during and immediately after the war, a movement named Dadaism, based on art and literature, began. While the purpose of this movement was to criticize the human sense of beauty, there was also a lamentation of the desire for a beautiful society turning into regret. The Surrealism movement took root in the view of this idea, and Andre Bethune, who was closely associated with Dadaism, issued a manifesto entitled Surrealism in October 1924. The Surrealism movement became the successor to Dadaism. Under these two movements, not only did irrelevance become important, but also the effort to maintain the meaninglessness continued in arts and specifically in poetry. But the supporters of Surrealism, by giving importance to Freud's theory of psychoanalysis and the theory of gender, separated their way despite staying with Dadaism. Contrasted to Dadaism, the Surrealism movement has a deeper impact on Urdu poetry. It is natural for the poets to access the dreams of the subconscious and the unseen logics of their minds. The subcontinent region also had to go through war and conflict; therefore, after Dadaism, many poets wrote poems under the influence of the Surrealism movement.